Which one of the following Acts of British India strengthened the Viceroy's authority over his executive council by substituting 'portfolio' or 'departmental' system for corporate functioning?

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Indian Councils Act 1861. The Indian Councils Act 1861 recognized the Portfolio System (introduced by Lord Canning in 1859) under which, a member of the Viceroy’s Council was made in charge of one or more departments of the Government and was authorized to issue final orders on behalf of the council on the matters of the concerned department. • It also empowered the Viceroy to issue ordinances, without the consent of the Legislative Council during an emergency. The ordinance was valid for a period of 6 months.

Which one of the following Acts of British India strengthened the Viceroy's authority over his executive council by substituting 'portfolio' or 'departmental' system for corporate functioning?

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